Plain
Epictetus — The Slave

What makes someone truly free and in control of themselves? Money doesn't do it. Neither does being a consul, governing a province, or having royal power. There must be something else. What makes us free and unhindered when we write? Knowing how to write. What about playing the lute? Knowing how to play the lute. So in life, it's knowing how to live. You've heard the general idea. Now let's look at the details. Can someone who wants things that depend on other people be free from obstacles? No. Can they be unhindered? No. So they can't be free. Think about this: Do we have nothing that's entirely our own? Do we have everything? Or do we have some things that are ours and some that belong to others?

Discourses, About Freedom 309 of 388
Freedom & Control Knowing Yourself
Epictetus — The Slave Original

What then is that which makes a man free from hindrance and makes him his own master? For wealth does not do it, nor consulship, nor provincial government, nor royal power; but something else must be discovered. What then is that which when we write makes us free from hindrance and unimpeded? The knowledge of the art of writing. What then is it in playing the lute? The science of playing the lute. Therefore in life also it is the science of life. You have then heard in a general way; but examine the thing also in the several parts. Is it possible that he who desires any of the things which depend on others can be free from hindrance? No. Is it possible for him to be unimpeded? No. Therefore he cannot be free. Consider then, whether we have nothing which is in our own power only, or whether we have all things, or whether some things are in our own power, and others in the power of others.

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Epictetus — The Slave

Don't bother checking someone's family background or whether they were ever bought and sold. If you hear them say 'Master' from the heart — even if they're a consul with all the ceremonial power — call them a slave. If you hear them say 'I'm miserable, look how much I suffer,' call them a slave. If you see them complaining, whining, and unhappy, call them a slave even if they wear the purple stripe of high office. But if they're not doing any of these things, don't assume they're free yet. Check their opinions first. Are their beliefs subject to pressure? Can they be blocked or ruined by bad luck? If so, call them a slave on vacation during Saturnalia — their master is just away for now. He'll be back soon, and then you'll see what they really go through.

Discourses, About Freedom 308 of 388
Freedom & Control Knowing Yourself
Epictetus — The Slave Original

And do not look, I entreat you, after his grandfathers and great-grandfathers, or inquire about his being bought or sold, but if you hear him saying from his heart and with feeling, "Master," even if the twelve fasces precede him (as consul), call him a slave. And if you hear him say, "Wretch that I am, how much I suffer," call him a slave. If, finally, you see him lamenting, complaining, unhappy, call him a slave, though he wears a praetexta. If, then, he is doing nothing of this kind do not yet say that he is free, but learn his opinions, whether they are subject to compulsion, or may produce hindrance, or to bad fortune, and if you find him such, call him a slave who has a holiday in the Saturnalia; say that his master is from home; he will return soon, and you will know what he suffers.

Discourses, About Freedom 308 of 388
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Ancient philosophy, in plain English.

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