Plain
Epictetus — The Slave

Look — this is how philosophy begins. You notice that people disagree with each other. You ask why they disagree. You become suspicious of things that just "seem" right. You investigate whether something that "seems" right actually is right. You try to discover some standard to judge by — like we use scales to weigh things, or a carpenter's square to check if something is straight. This is how philosophy starts. Should we say that everything is right just because it seems right to everyone? But how can contradictory things both be right? Well then, not everything that seems right to everyone — just what seems right to us. But why should what seems right to you matter more than what seems right to Syrians? Why more than what seems right to Egyptians? Why more than what seems right to me or anyone else? It doesn't matter more at all.

Discourses, What the Beginning of Philosophy is 140 of 388
Knowing Yourself Human Nature
Epictetus — The Slave Original

Observe, this is the beginning of philosophy, a perception of the disagreement of men with one another, and an inquiry into the cause of the disagreement, and a condemnation and distrust of that which only "seems," and a certain investigation of that which "seems" whether it "seems" rightly, and a discovery of some rule ([Greek: chanonos]), as we have discovered a balance in the determination of weights, and a carpenter's rule (or square) in the case of straight and crooked things.—This is the beginning of philosophy. Must we say that all things are right which seem so to all? And how is it possible that contradictions can be right?—Not all then, but all which seem to us to be right.—How more to you than those which seem right to the Syrians? why more than what seem right to the Egyptians? why more than what seems right to me or to any other man? Not at all more.

Discourses, What the Beginning of Philosophy is 140 of 388
Epictetus — The Slave

But you think you correctly apply your basic ideas to specific situations. Tell me — where do you get this confidence? Because you think you do it right? But someone else disagrees with you. They think they're applying their ideas correctly too. Don't they think so? They do. Can both of you be right when you have opposite opinions? No, you can't. Can you show me anything better for applying these basic ideas than just thinking you're doing it right? A crazy person does what seems right to them too. Is 'it seems right to me' a good enough test for them? No, it's not. So we need something better than just what seems right. What is that?

Discourses, What the Beginning of Philosophy is 139 of 388
Knowing Yourself Human Nature
Epictetus — The Slave Original

But now since you think that you properly adapt the preconceptions to the particulars, tell me whence you derive this (assume that you do so). Because I think so. But it does not seem so to another, and he thinks that he also makes a proper adaptation; or does he not think so? He does think so. Is it possible then that both of you can properly apply the preconceptions to things about which you have contrary opinions? It is not possible. Can you then show us anything better towards adapting the preconceptions beyond your thinking that you do? Does the madman do any other things than the things which seem to him right? Is then this criterion sufficient for him also? It is not sufficient. Come then to something which is superior to seeming ([Greek: tou dochein]). What is this?

Discourses, What the Beginning of Philosophy is 139 of 388
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Ancient philosophy, in plain English.

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