Plain
Epictetus — The Slave

Different creatures have different builds, so they have different jobs and different goals. Animals that are built just to use things only need to use them well. But humans can also understand how to use things. If we don't use our understanding properly, we'll never reach our true purpose. God made every animal for something specific. Some are meant to be food. Others help with farming. Others give us cheese. For jobs like these, animals don't need to understand appearances or tell them apart. But God brought humans into the world to watch God and his works. We're not just watchers — we're interpreters too. That's why it's shameful for humans to start and stop where animals do. We should start where they start, but end where our nature takes us. Our nature leads to contemplation and understanding, and to living in harmony with nature. Make sure you don't die without seeing these things.

Discourses, Of Providence 22 of 388
Human Nature What Matters Most Knowing Yourself
Epictetus — The Slave Original

For where the constitutions of living beings are different, there also the acts and the ends are different. In those animals then whose constitution is adapted only to use, use alone is enough; but in an animal (man), which has also the power of understanding the use, unless there be the due exercise of the understanding, he will never attain his proper end. Well then God constitutes every animal, one to be eaten, another to serve for agriculture, another to supply cheese, and another for some like use; for which purposes what need is there to understand appearances and to be able to distinguish them? But God has introduced man to be a spectator of God and of his works; and not only a spectator of them, but an interpreter. For this reason it is shameful for man to begin and to end where irrational animals do; but rather he ought to begin where they begin, and to end where nature ends in us; and nature ends in contemplation and understanding, and in a way of life conformable to nature. Take care then not to die without having been spectators of these things.

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Epictetus — The Slave

Are these things done only in us? Many are done only in us — things that rational beings especially need. But you'll find many things we share with non-rational animals. Do animals understand what happens to them? Not at all. Using something is different from understanding it. God needed non-rational animals to use their impressions of the world. But he needed us to understand how to use our impressions. So it's enough for animals to eat, drink, mate, and do whatever else comes naturally to them. But for us — since God also gave us the ability to think — these basic things aren't enough. Unless we act properly and in an orderly way, following the nature of each situation, we'll never reach our true purpose.

Discourses, Of Providence 21 of 388
Human Nature Knowing Yourself
Epictetus — The Slave Original

What, then, are these things done in us only? Many, indeed, in us only, of which the rational animal had peculiar need; but you will find many common to us with irrational animals. Do they then understand what is done? By no means. For use is one thing, and understanding is another; God had need of irrational animals to make use of appearances, but of us to understand the use of appearances. It is therefore enough for them to eat and to drink, and to copulate, and to do all the other things which they severally do. But for us, to whom he has given also the intellectual faculty, these things are not sufficient; for unless we act in a proper and orderly manner, and conformably to the nature and constitution of each thing, we shall never attain our true end.

Discourses, Of Providence 21 of 388
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Ancient philosophy, in plain English.

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