Plain
Epictetus — The Slave

Look for ideas that match what I'm telling you. Use them as your guide. Then you'll gladly avoid things that have such strong power to tempt and control us. But what if we create a philosophy that pushes us toward these tempting things instead? What if our philosophy actually makes us weaker against them? What happens then? Think about a piece of metalwork. Which part is better — the silver or the craftsmanship? A hand is made of flesh. But the hand's real value is in what it can do. There are three kinds of duties too: duties about whether something exists, duties about what kind of thing it is, and most important — the duties that lead and control everything else.

Discourses, To the Administrator of the Free Cities Who Was an Epicurean 223 of 388
Knowing Yourself What Matters Most
Epictetus — The Slave Original

Seek for doctrines which are consistent with what I say, and by making them your guide you will with pleasure abstain from things which have such persuasive power to lead us and overpower us. But if to the persuasive power of these things, we also devise such a philosophy as this which helps to push us on towards them and strengthens us to this end, what will be the consequence? In a piece of toreutic art which is the best part? the silver or the workmanship? The substance of the hand is the flesh; but the work of the hand is the principal part (that which precedes and leads the rest). The duties then are also three: those which are directed towards the existence of a thing; those which are directed towards its existence in a particular kind; and third, the chief or leading things themselves.

Discourses, To the Administrator of the Free Cities Who Was an Epicurean 223 of 388
Epictetus — The Slave

Good can't be one thing while what makes us reasonably happy is something else. If what comes first isn't good, then what follows can't be good either. For the second thing to be good, the first thing must be good too. But you wouldn't say this if you're thinking straight. If you did, you'd contradict both Epicurus and your other beliefs. So you're left with this: the soul's pleasure comes from bodily pleasure. And those bodily things must come first and be the real nature of what's good.

Discourses, To the Administrator of the Free Cities Who Was an Epicurean 222 of 388
Knowing Yourself What Matters Most
Epictetus — The Slave Original

for good cannot be one thing, and that at which we are rationally delighted another thing; nor if that which precedes is not good, can that which comes after be good, for in order that the thing which comes after may be good, that which precedes must be good. But you would not affirm this, if you are in your right mind, for you would then say what is inconsistent both with Epicurus and the rest of your doctrines. It remains then that the pleasure of the soul is in the pleasure from things of the body; and again that those bodily things must be the things which precede and the substance (nature) of the good.

Discourses, To the Administrator of the Free Cities Who Was an Epicurean 222 of 388
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Ancient philosophy, in plain English.

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