Plain
Epictetus — The Slave

So with people, we shouldn't value the material stuff — the weak flesh. We should value what leads and guides us. What are those things? Taking part in public life, getting married, having children, honoring God, caring for parents. And in general: wanting things, avoiding things, pursuing things, and staying away from things — but doing all of this the right way, according to our nature. And how are we built by nature? Free, noble, and decent. What other animal feels shame? What other creature can even understand the idea of shame? Nature built us to put pleasure beneath these higher things. Pleasure should serve them like a minister or servant. It should motivate us to act. It should keep us steady in doing what fits our nature.

Discourses, To the Administrator of the Free Cities Who Was an Epicurean 224 of 388
Doing The Right Thing Human Nature
Epictetus — The Slave Original

So also in man we ought not to value the material, the poor flesh, but the principal (leading things, [Greek: ta proaegoumena]). What are these? Engaging in public business, marrying, begetting children, venerating God, taking care of parents, and generally, having desires, aversions ([Greek: echchlinein]), pursuits of things and avoidances, in the way in which we ought to do these things, and according to our nature. And how are we constituted by nature? Free, noble, modest; for what other animal blushes? what other is capable of receiving the appearance (the impression) of shame? and we are so constituted by nature as to subject pleasure to these things, as a minister, a servant, in order that it may call forth our activity, in order that it may keep us constant in acts which are conformable to nature.

Discourses, To the Administrator of the Free Cities Who Was an Epicurean 224 of 388
Epictetus — The Slave

Look for ideas that match what I'm telling you. Use them as your guide. Then you'll gladly avoid things that have such strong power to tempt and control us. But what if we create a philosophy that pushes us toward these tempting things instead? What if our philosophy actually makes us weaker against them? What happens then? Think about a piece of metalwork. Which part is better — the silver or the craftsmanship? A hand is made of flesh. But the hand's real value is in what it can do. There are three kinds of duties too: duties about whether something exists, duties about what kind of thing it is, and most important — the duties that lead and control everything else.

Discourses, To the Administrator of the Free Cities Who Was an Epicurean 223 of 388
Knowing Yourself What Matters Most
Epictetus — The Slave Original

Seek for doctrines which are consistent with what I say, and by making them your guide you will with pleasure abstain from things which have such persuasive power to lead us and overpower us. But if to the persuasive power of these things, we also devise such a philosophy as this which helps to push us on towards them and strengthens us to this end, what will be the consequence? In a piece of toreutic art which is the best part? the silver or the workmanship? The substance of the hand is the flesh; but the work of the hand is the principal part (that which precedes and leads the rest). The duties then are also three: those which are directed towards the existence of a thing; those which are directed towards its existence in a particular kind; and third, the chief or leading things themselves.

Discourses, To the Administrator of the Free Cities Who Was an Epicurean 223 of 388
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Ancient philosophy, in plain English.

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