Plain
Seneca — The Senator

At first they ate the softest leaves and tree shoots to survive. Then they cooked animal hides over fire and ate whatever desperation forced them to try. As they marched deeper into the desert, they found no roots or plants in the sand. They discovered a wasteland with no animals at all. So they drew lots and chose every tenth man to kill and eat — a fate worse than starvation itself. Rage still drove the king forward like a madman. He had already lost part of his army and eaten another part. Only when he began to fear that he too might have to draw lots for his life did he finally order a retreat. Yet through all of this, his prized hunting hawks were never sacrificed. Camels still carried his feast supplies while his soldiers drew lots to see who would die miserably and who would live even more miserably.

On Anger, Book 3, Section 20 Book 3 · 65 of 121
Facing Hardship Human Nature
Seneca — The Senator Original

At first the tenderest parts of leaves and shoots of trees relieved their hunger, then hides softened by fire, and anything else that their extremity drove them to use as food. When as they proceeded neither roots nor herbs were to be found in the sand, and they found a wilderness destitute even of animal life, they chose each tenth man by lot and made of him a meal which was more cruel than hunger. Rage still drove the king madly forwards, until after he had lost one part of his army and eaten another he began to fear that he also might be called upon to draw the lot for his life; then at last he gave the order for retreat. Yet all the while his well-bred hawks were not sacrificed, and the means of feasting were carried for him on camels, while his soldiers were drawing lots for who should miserably perish, and who should yet more miserably live.

On Anger, Book 3, Section 20 Book 3 · 65 of 121
Seneca — The Senator

The Persian king cut off the noses of an entire nation in Syria. That's why the place is called Rhinocolura — "cut nose." Do you think he was being merciful because he didn't just cut off their heads? No. He was thrilled that he had invented a new kind of punishment. Something similar almost happened to the Ethiopians. They're called the Macrobiotae because they live so long. But they refused to accept slavery with grateful hearts. Instead, they sent ambassadors who spoke independently — what kings call insulting language. This made Cambyses furious. Without any supplies or knowledge of the roads, he marched with his entire army through a barren, trackless desert. On the very first day, they ran out of food. The land gave them nothing — it was empty, uncultivated, and no human foot had ever walked there.

On Anger, Book 3, Section 20 Book 3 · 64 of 121
Facing Hardship Human Nature
Seneca — The Senator Original

Thus, the king of the Persians cut off the noses of a whole nation in Syria, wherefore the place is called Rhinocolura. Do you think that he was merciful, because he did not cut their heads off altogether? no, he was delighted at having invented a new kind of punishment. Something of the same kind would have befallen the Aethiopians,[7] who on account of their prodigiously long lives are called Macrobiotae; for, because they did not receive slavery with hands uplifted to heaven in thankfulness, and sent an embassy which used independent, or what kings call insulting language, Cambyses became wild with rage, and, without any store of provisions, or any knowledge of the roads, started with all his fighting men through an arid and trackless waste, where during the first day’s march the necessaries of life failed, and the country itself furnished nothing, being barren and uncultivated, and untrodden by the foot of man.

On Anger, Book 3, Section 20 Book 3 · 64 of 121
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Ancient philosophy, in plain English.

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