Plain
Epictetus — The Slave

We shouldn't mourn because someone was born or died. We should mourn because they lost what truly belonged to them during their lifetime. Not the things they inherited from their father. Not their land, house, business, or slaves. None of those things actually belong to anyone. They all belong to others. They're temporary and can be taken away. Different people get them at different times from whoever has the power to give them. I'm talking about the things that belong to someone as a human being. The character traits stamped in their mind when they were born. We look for these same marks on coins. If we find them, we accept the coins. If the marks aren't there, we reject them.

Discourses, Against the Quarrelsome and Ferocious 345 of 388
What Matters Most Knowing Yourself
Epictetus — The Slave Original

not indeed to lament because a man has been born or has died, but because it has happened to him in his lifetime to have lost the things which are his own, not that which he received from his father, not his land and house, and his inn, and his slaves; for not one of these things is a man's own, but all belong to others, are servile, and subject to account ([Greek: hupeithuna]), at different times given to different persons by those who have them in their power: but I mean the things which belong to him as a man, the marks (stamps) in his mind with which he came into the world, such as we seek also on coins, and if we find them we approve of the coins, and if we do not find the marks we reject them.

Discourses, Against the Quarrelsome and Ferocious 345 of 388
Epictetus — The Slave

Do you have the instincts of a wild animal? Do you feel driven to get revenge when someone hurts you? When is a horse miserable? When it loses its natural abilities. Not when it can't crow like a rooster, but when it can't run. When is a dog miserable? Not when it can't fly, but when it can't hunt. A person becomes unhappy the same way. Not because he can't strangle lions or hug statues — he wasn't born with those powers anyway. He becomes unhappy when he loses his honesty and trustworthiness. People should gather around such a person and mourn for the tragedy that has befallen him.

Discourses, Against the Quarrelsome and Ferocious 344 of 388
Human Nature Knowing Yourself
Epictetus — The Slave Original

Have you the disposition of a wild beast, have you the disposition of revenge for an injury? When is a horse wretched? When he is deprived of his natural faculties, not when he cannot crow like a cock, but when he cannot run. When is a dog wretched? Not when he cannot fly, but when he cannot track his game. Is then a man also unhappy in this way, not because he cannot strangle lions or embrace statues, for he did not come into the world in the possession of certain powers from nature for this purpose, but because he has lost his probity and his fidelity? People ought to meet and lament such a man for the misfortunes into which he has fallen;

Discourses, Against the Quarrelsome and Ferocious 344 of 388
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Ancient philosophy, in plain English.

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