Plain
Epictetus — The Slave

But what about good and evil? What about beautiful and ugly? What about right and wrong behavior? What about happiness and misfortune? What about proper and improper conduct? What about what we should and shouldn't do? Who comes into the world without having a natural sense of these things? That's why we all use these words. We try to match our built-in ideas to specific situations: "He did the right thing." "He did the wrong thing." "He acted properly." "He didn't act properly." "He got unlucky." "He got lucky." "He's unfair." "He's fair." Who doesn't use these words? Who waits to learn them first, the way we wait to learn about geometry or music?

Discourses, What the Beginning of Philosophy is 137 of 388
Human Nature Knowing Yourself
Epictetus — The Slave Original

But as to good and evil, and beautiful and ugly, and becoming and unbecoming, and happiness and misfortune, and proper and improper, and what we ought to do and what we ought not to do, who ever came into the world without having an innate idea of them? Wherefore we all use these names, and we endeavor to fit the preconceptions to the several cases (things) thus: he has done well; he has not done well; he has done as he ought, not as he ought; he has been unfortunate, he has been fortunate; he is unjust, he is just; who does not use these names? who among us defers the use of them till he has learned them, as he defers the use of the words about lines (geometrical figures) or sounds?

Discourses, What the Beginning of Philosophy is 137 of 388
Epictetus — The Slave

Philosophy begins when you realize how weak and unable you are with important things — at least if you're approaching it the right way. We aren't born knowing what a right-angled triangle is, or what a quarter-tone in music is, or what a half-tone is. We learn these things through teaching and practice. That's why people who don't know these things don't pretend they know them.

Discourses, What the Beginning of Philosophy is 136 of 388
Knowing Yourself
Epictetus — The Slave Original

The beginning of philosophy, to him at least who enters on it in the right way and by the door is a consciousness of his own weakness and inability about necessary things; for we come into the world with no natural notion of a right-angled triangle, or of a diesis (a quarter tone), or of a half-tone; but we learn each of these things by a certain transmission according to art; and for this reason those who do not know them do not think that they know them.

Discourses, What the Beginning of Philosophy is 136 of 388
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Ancient philosophy, in plain English.

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